Why Is Water Important in Living Organisms Essay Example for Free

Why Is Water Important in Living Organisms Essay Water is very important in all living organisms, it is vital for many different things. Around 70% of our body weight is due to water. The quantity is high in organs such as lungs and brain and fluids such as blood, lymph, saliva and secretions by the organs of the digestive system. First of all water is vital in the regulation of body temperature to depending on the temperature mammals will alter the amount they sweat. If they are to warm the amount of seat will increase. Sweat reduces the body temperature because as it evaporates off the skin it cools the surface. If body temperature rises above 37 then enzymes will begin to not function properly and reactions will slow. This is because the enzymes are becoming denatured as their hydrogen bonds break and shape change. This is also relevant in plants. When water is evaporated of leaves of the plant it cools it in the same way. This is also important as plants need to be a certain temperatures so that. Plants need to be at the correct temperature so reactions take place at the fastest rate and so they grow as much as possible. This is especially important in crops and agriculture Also for plants to grow at the fastest possible rate they have to have the correct amount of water. Water is also important because without osmosis wouldn’t occur, so many important particles and nutrients wouldn’t be moved around the organism. An example of this is in the root hair cell. In the soil outside the root hair cell is a higher water potential than in the root. This is because the root hair cell has amino acids, minerals and sugars inside them. So water moves down the concentration gradient into the roots. The uptake of water in plant cells creates pressures against the rigid walls. This can also help non-woody plants stay upright. Water is pulled up the stem by transpiration pull which creates a negative pressure this causes the water molecules to stick together. Which is called cohesion tension theory. The water is transported up to the leaves and into the chlorophyll where it is used in photosynthesis. Other nutrients and molecules are transported by the water and used in different parts of the plant. Water is also used in the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Electrons are lost from the chlorophyll as they get excited and move done carriers. These electrons need to be replaced; this is done by the photolysis of water. The replacement of these electrons are provided from water molecules which are split using light energy. Water → protons + electrons + oxygen  As well as in plants water is important in the body. Water is the medium in which various enzyme and chemical reactions take place. It moves nutrients, hormones, antibodies and oxygen through the blood stream and lymphatic system. Also inside the body many larger molecules need to be broken down, water is used to do this. Polysaccharides are joined by glycosidic bonds. These can be broken by the process of hydrolysis, the addition of water. This splits the polysaccharides into monosaccharides. One reason this is done is so polysaccharides can be hydrolysied into soluble sugars. An example is Cellulose is first hydrolyzed to cellobiose by cellulase and then cellobiose is further hydrolyzed to glucose. Hydrolysis is an exothermic reaction. It gives off heat as it breaks the glycosidic bonds. This can be used to regulate body temperature, which is very important for the survival of mammals. If it is cold the amount of metabolic reactions will increase. Hydrolysis occurs in the early stage of respiration. Hydrolysis occurs in glycolysis. Energy is needed to activate glucose and energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. Water is vital for metabolic reactions. And if the body is kept at the correct temperature then many processes and reaction will not be carried out correctly. For example body temperature is 37. This is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the body. If that temperature drops the rate at which the reactions involving theses enzymes take place will drop as well.

The Physical and Emotional Journeys of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Ess

The Physical and Emotional Journeys of Jane Eyre The novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Brontë consists of the continuous journey through Jane's life towards her final happiness and freedom. This is effectively supported by five significant 'physical' journeys she makes, which mirror the four emotional journeys she makes. 10-year-old Jane lives under the custody of her Aunt Reed, who hates her. Jane resents her harsh treatment by her aunt and cousins so much that she has a severe temper outburst, which results in her aunt sending her to Lowood boarding school. At the end of the eight years, she has become a teacher at Lowood. At the age of eighteen she seeks independence and becomes governess at Thornfield Hall. Over time, Jane falls in love with its master, Edward Rochester, who eventually proposes to her. On their wedding day, the sermon is abruptly halted by the announcement that Rochester's insane wife is kept locked up in the attic of Thornfield. Jane runs away. Penniless and almost starving, Jane roams the countryside in search of shelter, until she finds the house of St John, Mary, and Diana Rivers, who take her in and nurse her back to health. Jane then acquires an unexpected inheritance from her uncle. One night, Jane 'hears' Mr Rochester's voice calling for her, and decides to return to Thor nfield immediately. On her return, she finds Thornfield to be a "blackened ruin" due to a fire which has left Rochester blind with only one arm and killed his wife. Jane goes to Rochester's new home, and they are married. Jane's 'physical' journeys contribute significantly to plot development and to the idea that the novel is a 'journey' through Jane's life. "Jane Eyre's" chronological structure... ...law, and scorned and crushed the insane promptings of a frenzied moment." To start with, Jane is oppressed by her aunt and is allowed no will of her own, she is completely "a dependant" and has "no money". This situation improves enormously when Jane goes to Lowood, although she is still a servant in Thornfield until she runs away to Marsh End, where she must still depend on others in order to survive. Jane eventually gains her freedom through her inheritance, and the fact that she no longer has to depend on Rochester. Jane's physical and emotional journeys are brought to an end in the last chapter, where she switches from past to present tense: "My Edward and I, then, are happy....." This shows that she is no longer looking back, only forward to her future happiness as she has finally reached her 'destination'.

Ben and Jerry’s Entering into the Japanese Market

Ben and Jerry's Entering into the Japanese Market sy Ihart2dance19 Ben ; Jerrys Homemade, Inc. produces super premium ice cream, frozen yogurt, and ice cream novelties in rich and original flavors. The company sells its unique offerings In grocery stores, restaurants, and franchised Ice cream shops, and it holds about one-third of the market for its products. This global company began with only a $12,000 Investment to open Ben ; Jerrys Homemade Ice cream scoop shop In a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont, on May 5th, 1978.From one mall shop In downtown Burlington, the company had grown to Include a chain of nearly 100 franchised shops, and a line of products sold in stores across the country. As one of the leading superpremium ice cream (greater richness and density than other kinds of Ice-cream and Is therefore sold at a relatively high price) manufactures, Ben ; Jerrys has to continually expand and develop to compete with other leading brands. The united States I s one of the largest exporting nations as well.The united States sells products to other countries because no country can roduce all of the products the people want. In 1994, den ;Jerrys starting considering advancing into the Japan ice cream market, the second largest ice cream market in the world with sales of approximately $4,5 billion. According to the survey conducted by â€Å"What Japan Thinks,† nearly 2 out of 5 Japanese eat ice cream every week. However, Japan is a great distance from the united States and it would be complicated to distribute the Items to Japan.Japan's barriers to Imports from foreign countries were high and Ben ; Jerrys were entering the Japanese ice cream market 0years atter Its competitors, such as Haagen-Dazs. According to the survey by â€Å"What Japan Thinks,† the biggest factor in ice cream purchase is by flavor and taste. The Japanese consumers demand high-quality products with different flavors. The demands of the Japanese coincide di rectly with the product mission statement of Ben ; Jerrys which is â€Å"to make, distribute and sell the finest quality all natural ice cream and euphoric concoctions with a continued commitment to Incorporating wholesome, natural ingredients. So based on the quality and flavors of Ben & Jerrys, the ompany doesn't have to change their recipes or ingredients to be popular In the Japanese ice cream market. However, In Japan ice cream is considered a snack more so than a dessert, so to be user- friendly to the Japanese, Ben ; Jerrys should package their Ice cream In personal cups as well as their point sized package. Additionally, the Japanese are very clean and conscience of sanitation, so having Individual serving would be more appealing to the Japanese people.According to â€Å"What Japan Thinks,† the most popular purchase of ice cream is a single-serving cup ot ice cream. When It comes to perishable goods, supermarkets seem to be much stricter In Japan than In the west abo ut moving on stock before it gets old. It Is very important for a product to have a good reputation, especially in Japan, and if a product Isnt good quality no one will buy the product. Ben ; Jerrys should make sure that their product's are being monitored, and if the ice cream is close to perishing, they should make sure It gets thrown out, or then their reputation can be ruined In a 1 Ofa minute. nen Ben & Jerrys aec10e now tney wlll Introduce tnelr product to Japan, hey have to take into account the sociocultural forces and cultural differences between America and Japan. Although shipping to Japan is not the easiest task, Ben & Jerrys is an established corporate company who has been shipping ice cream to the West Coast and to Europe in freezer containers. Ben & Jerrys needs to create an efficient supply chain, the sequence of linked activities that must be performed by various organizations to move goods from the sources of raw materials to ultimate consumers, so the company can then ship out their products smoothly.The company hen has to find the best approach to their physical distribution, or logistics. Bringing their products to Japan would require detailed and structured outbound logistics involving managing the flow of finished products and information to business buyers and ultimate consumers. Ben & Jerrys then has to choose the right transportation mode. Because Japan is over seas from their Vermont factory, the only 2 options would be water transportation, which is inexpensive but slow (about 3 weeks) or by air, which is fast but expensive.Although Japan has barriers to foreign imports, in 948 the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed, which was an international forum for negotiating reductions in trade restrictions. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was also established to assume the task of mediating trade disputes among nations. Japan is part of the WTO, Joining on September 10th, 1955. This will make it easier for Ben & Jerr ys to advance in Japan's foreign market because there is a global mediation center. Also, there are expectations of falling tariffs on dairy products, which would be a desirable feature in selling in Japan.Even though Haagen-Dazs had already been selling their superpremium ice cream in Japan's market, now Ben & Jerrys doesn't have to educate the Japanese market about superpremium ice cream. Haagen-Dazs's sales in Japan were about $300 million, proving there is a large Japanese ice cream market and superpremium ice cream is desirable in the country. There are many advantages and disadvantages for Ben & Jerrys to penetrate the Japanese market by relying on 7-Eleven, an international chain of convenience stores, to distribute their superpremium ice cream.If Ben & Jerrys sold directly to 7-Eleven creating a Joint venture or a strategic alliance, they would create a long-term partnership between two companies to undertake a major project and help each company build competitive market adv antage. Because Ben & Jerrys have expanded all over the world it is a multinational corporation. If Ben & Jerrys could sell directly to 7-Eleven, it would eliminate the distribution costs. However, there would be a power struggle between the 2 major companies.If Ben & jerry's agrees to an exclusive agreement with the massive convenience store chain, 7- Eleven would have the upper hand. Another advantage of entering the market through 7-Eleven is the immediate placement of Ben ; Jerrys in over 7000 convenience stores in Japan, giving Ben ; Jerrys an instant access to the market on a large scale. Yet, by doing this, Ben ; Jerrys might not be able to build their own brand name and an issue with 7-Eleven would leave Ben ; Jerrys without their own position in the Japanese market.Also, 7-Eleven insisted that Ben ; Jerrys ice cream be packaged in personal cups as opposed to the pint size, due to the cultural view of ice cream in Japan. This would require $2 million in equipment and differe nt methods in packaging the ice cream, because Ben ; Jerrys would have to comply wltn tnese cnanges. I ne ‘-Eleven approacn to Just-ln-tlme Inventory procedures would make delivery reliability key and costs would have to be minimized. Because the Japanese production is unique, Ben & Jerrys would have to be careful to not mix up the Japanese label with the regular label.A disadvantage of relying on 7-Eleven is the asset specific investment in production equipment. Due to these changes, there would be complex logistics and production planning. Also, the pricing and profit distributions are unclear. The only clear thing was that Ben & Jerrys would be shipping from their Vermont factory. Entering the market with 7-Eleven would allow Ben & Jerrys to have control of their brand, although 7-Eleven would have a dominant position. Ben & Jerrys would have to rely on 7-Eleven promoting the brand, which 7- Eleven wasn't promising.A major advantage is that 7-Eleven is an established corpor ation, so 7-Eleven has high-level executive involvement and an efficient supply chain. Ben ; Jerrys would increase sales through convenience stores and would ccess the market on a large scale easily. Ken Yamada was also interested in acting as a licensee for Ben ; Jerrys in Japan, overseeing marketing and distribution of its products there. Yamada would be the marketing intermediary for Ben ; Jerrys, being the independent firm which will assist in the flow of goods and services from producers to end-users.Yamada would be a good candidate because he was a well- recommended third-generation Japanese-American, so he knew the culture and how to integrate American and Japanese cultures. He also was already running the Domino's Pizza franchise in Japan. The Domino's franchise in Japan was very successful, and Domino's already delivered ice cream cups, so they had the resources to deliver Ben & Jerrys. However, part of Yamada's agreement was that he would have exclusive rights to the entir e Japanese market.This would mean that Yamada would have full control of branding and marketing efforts, making Ben ; Jerrys fully dependent on the efforts of Yamada. He would have full control of the marketing and sales in Japan. Yamada would introduce Ben ; Jerrys to the Japanese market from he initial steps to the large picture; starting with positioning the brand, formulating and strategically orchestrating the initial launch, and concentrating on the best marketing and distribution strategy for the long-term positioning of Ben ; Jerrys in Japan.By using Yamada to introduce Ben ; Jerrys in the Japanese market, Yamada would earn royalty on all sales, but he would have full control of the Japanese market. This would give Ben ; Jerrys instant expertise in a foreign market and because Yamada was already running Domino's, there was a simple entry strategy and an ongoing marketing management. Yamada was very valuable to the ice cream company. He knew frozen foods, he had an entreprene urial spirit and marketing sa'. n. y.However, because Yamada would be investing his time in a marketing campaign only after reaching an agreement with Ben ; Jerrys, there was no specific plan available for consideration, and Yamada would have full control and the right to change any plan. Yamada has good market knowledge and the managerial requirements, making it less demanding for Ben ; Jerrys. However, he has no specific business plan and no brand control. Although Ben ; Jerrys managers believe the ompany should delay entering the Japanese market because of economic problems, I think Ben ; Jerrys should enter the Japanese market.Japan is the second largest ice cream market globally, with sweet growth rates. Japan has high profit margins. Japan nas a nlgn aemana Tor super premium Ice cream. Inere Is also a aecllnlng aomestlc growth rates and market shares in Japan. Also, Ben ; Jerrys has excess capacity in the United States factory. Japan has the second largest ice cream market in the world with sales of approximately $4. 5 billion, proving that Ben ; Jerrys would be very successful entering the Japanese market.

Article Review of Corporal Punishment and Child...

Article Review: Corporal Punishment and Child Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes through 5 Years of Age: Evidence from a Contemporary Urban Birth Cohort Study. Summary This study examined the prevalence and determinants of spanking of children at 3 years of age and the associations between spanking and externalizing behaviour and receptive verbal ability at age 5 years. The authors first identified the determinants of spanking through a review of works on spanking. (Berline et al. 2009;). They found that gender of the children played a factor, which boys more likely to be spanked than girls. (4). They also found the age, experience, mental health, temperament, family background, and life experience of the mother to be major factors. (5). They also found race and socioeconomic status to be factors, with African-American children being more likely to be spanked at all ages and children in lower income families more likely to be spanked. (5). The authors also identify the known effects of spanking on childhood outcomes. They noted that most of the literature has been concerned with aggressive child outcomes, such as increased child stress reactivity (Bugenthal, Martorell, and Barraza, 2003). They also noted that studies are emerging on the connection between spanking and child cognitive outcomes. (Gershoff, 2010). They criticize these emerging works as suffering from a lack of †¦adequate controls for the predictors of spanking, risk factors which themselves could beShow MoreRelatedThe Children May Suffer: The Negative Impacts of Corporal Punishment 1685 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Impacts of Corporal Punishment A young boy slowly makes his way to his mom, her scream urging him forward. He is almost to her side when he sees the shadow of her belt, he slowly backs away, he does not go far, as she quickly grabs him by his shirt. 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